458. The relative pronoun may have a causal character etc.; yaḥ „that he.”

The relative pronoun must follow the main sentence, if it introduces a cause o a special character, especially a causal one, yet it may also import a consequence, a disposition, or even a purpose. In other terms, the relative pronoun is sometimes used, where one would expect a relative adverb or conjunction, yaḥ being almost = yat sa (that he) or = yathā sa (in order that he), or = yādṛśaḥ (such as to —). Cp. Lat. qui = quum is and qui = ut is.

a.) The relative clause implies a cause, motive or reason. So especially after such verbs and nouns as signify a disposition either glad or sad, either benevolent or malevolent, either content or discontent, and the like. Panc. 250 bhāgyavāms tvam evāsi yasyārabdhaṃ sarvameva saṃsidhyati (you are fortunate, indeed, for whatever you undertake succeeds), Daç. 90 saiva dhanyā gaṇikādārikā yāmevaṃ bhavanmano ‘bhiniviśate (she is to be congratulated that it is she, who is the object of your love), Çâk. I aho asādhudarśī tatrabhavānkaṇvo ya imāṃ valkaladhāraṇe niyuṅkte (it is ill-judged of the Reverend Kaṇva to order her —), Panc. 55 tasya kṛtāntaḥ kupito yenaitad evaṃ kriyate, Daç. aham eva bhūḍho mūḍho ‘parāddho yastava… samādiṣṭavānvadham.

Rem. Note the idiom yo ‘ham, yas tvam in such causal clauses. R. 2, 59, 32 aśobhanaṃ yo ‘hamihādya rāghavaṃ didṛkṣamāṇo na labhe salakṣmaṇam (it is a pity that I do not find Rama and Laxmaṇa), Mṛcch. III, p. 125 nāhaṃ daridraḥ / yasya mama vibhavānugatā bhāryā sukhaduḥkhasuhṛ (I am not poor, since I have —), R. 2, 44, 26 nārhā tvaṃ śocituṃ devi yasyāste rāghavaḥ sutaḥ. Likewise ya eṣa. Çâk. VII aye seyamatrabhavatī śakuntalā / yaiṣā vasane paridhūsare vasānā… mama dīrghaṃ virahavrataṃ bibharti. Cp. the kindred idiom so ‘ham etc. (445) (*1).

b) the relative clause imports an ability, consequence or design. Panc. 192 tadatraiva sthitena tvayā kaścitsamarthaḥ samāśrayaṇīyo yo vipatpratīkāraṃ karoti (v. a. you must apply to somebody, who is able to defend you), ibid. 91 kā mātrā samudrasya yo mama dṛṣayiṣyati prasūtim (what is the Ocean, that he should hurt my offspring?). In these examples from the classic dialect the present is used or the future. In the old and epic style such clauses require the optative mood (liG) cp. 344 f), Mhbh. 1, 157, 25 nahi yogaṃ prapaśyāmi yena mucyeyamāpadaḥ (I see no means, indeed, how to get rid of distress), R. 1, 54, 3 parityaktā vasiṣṭhena kimahaṃ sumahātmanā / yāhaṃ rājabhṛtairdainā hriyeya bhṛśaduḥkhitā (why has V. left me, to be captured by the king’s attendants?), ibid. 3, 13, 11 vyādiśa me deśaṃ sodakaṃ bahukānanam / yatrāśramapadaṃ kṛtvā kṛtvā vaseyaṃ nirataḥ sukham.

Rem. The pronoun ya, therefore, may even be correlative to a preceding īdṛśa, evaṃbhūta and the like. In all such cases the clause bears a consecutive character more or less expressed. Hit. 6 asti kaścidevaṃbhūto vidvānyo mama putrāṇām… nītiśāstropadeśena punarjanma kārayituṃ samarthaḥ (is there any learned man so clever, as to —), Mudr. V, p. 166 kīdṛśaṃ tatkāryagauravaṃ yadrājaśāsanamullaṅghayasi (of what nature are those important affairs, that you should transgress the king’s orders?), Mhbh. l, 157, 14 etāvānpuruṣastāta kṛtaṃ yasmin na naśyati.

(*1)
The combination yaḥ sa serves different wants. Sometimes it generalizes the relative, so as to make it an indefinite = sarva, see 287 c.) and Mṛcch. X, p. 360 yatra tatra sthitā »staying anywhere.” Sometimes it is to be resolved into sa (the »renowned” or the »well-known” etc.) yaḥ, as Mhbh. 1, 67, 71 dhanurvede ca vede ca yaṃ taṃ vedavido viduḥ / variṣṭham. In the same way ya eṣa, ya asau are to be resolved. Mudr. III, p. 115 yāvetau gajādhyakṣāśvādhyakṣau… etau khalu etc.

458. 原因等を表す関係代名詞：yaḥ

特別な特性を表す節、とりわけ原因を表す節を導入する場合、関係代名詞は主文に続かねばならない。が、同時に帰結（consequence）、性質（disposition）、あるいは目的（purpose）さえも意味しうる。換言すると、関係代名詞は、関係副詞や接続詞が期待される場合に用いられることがあり、yaḥがほとんどyat sa（…であるところの…）、yathā sa（そのために彼は）、yādṛśaḥ（…のような）と等しかったりする。ラテン語の表現qui＝quum isとqui＝ut isと比較せよ。

a.) 原因・動機・理由を暗に意味する関係節。したがって、特に、喜怒哀楽、善意・悪意、満足・不満、などの気分を表す動詞や名詞の後に来るもの：
Panc. 250 bhāgyavāms tvam evāsi yasyārabdhaṃ sarvam eva saṃsidhyati (you are fortunate, indeed, for whatever you undertake succeeds)
Daç. 90 saiva dhanyā gaṇikādārikā yām evaṃ bhavanmano ‘bhiniviśate (she is to be congratulated that it is she, who is the object of your love)
Çâk. I aho asādhudarśī tatrabhavānkaṇvo ya imāṃ valkaladhāraṇe niyuṅkte (it is ill-judged of the Reverend Kaṇva to order her —)
Panc. 55 tasya kṛtāntaḥ kupito yenaitad evaṃ kriyate
Daç. 135 aham eva bhūḍho mūḍho ‘parāddho yas tava… samādiṣṭavān vadham

【補足】
以下のような原因を表す節におけるイディオムyo ‘hamやyas tvamに注意せよ。
R. 2, 59, 32 aśobhanaṃ yo ‘hamihādya rāghavaṃ didṛkṣamāṇo na labhe salakṣmaṇam (it is a pity that I do not find Rama and Laxmaṇa)
Mṛcch. III, p. 125 nāhaṃ daridraḥ / yasya mama vibhavānugatā bhāryā sukhaduḥkhasuhṛ (I am not poor, since I have —)
R. 2, 44, 26 nārhā tvaṃ śocituṃ devi yasyāste rāghavaḥ sutaḥ.

ya eṣaも同様。
Çâk. VII aye seyam atra bhavatī śakuntalā / yaiṣā vasane paridhūsare vasānā… mama dīrghaṃ virahavrataṃ bibharti

同類のイディオムso ‘ham等（445）と比較せよ（*1）。

b.) 能力・帰結・計画を意味する関係節：
Panc. 192 tad atraiva sthitena tvayā kaścitsamarthaḥ samāśrayaṇīyo yo vipatpratīkāraṃ karoti (v. a. you must apply to somebody, who is able to defend you)
ibid. 91 kā mātrā samudrasya yo mama dṛṣayiṣyati prasūtim (what is the Ocean, that he should hurt my offspring?)

古典サンスクリットから引用したこれらの例では、Pres.かFut.が用いられている。古い文体や叙事詩的文体では、このような節はOpt.（liṅ）が要請される。344のf.)と比較せよ。
Mhbh. 1, 157, 25 nahi yogaṃ prapaśyāmi yena mucyeyamāpadaḥ (I see no means, indeed, how to get rid of distress)
R. 1, 54, 3 parityaktā vasiṣṭhena kim ahaṃ sumahātmanā / yāhaṃ rājabhṛtair dainā hriyeya bhṛśaduḥkhitā (why has V. left me, to be captured by the king’s attendants?)
ibid. 3, 13, 11 vyādiśa me deśaṃ sodakaṃ bahukānanam / yatrāśramapadaṃ kṛtvā kṛtvā vaseyaṃ nirataḥ sukham

【補足】
したがって、代名詞yaは先行するīdṛśaやevaṃbhūtaなどにも関連する。そのようなすべてのケースで、その節は、多かれ少なかれ論理的に連続した性格（consecutive character）を帯びる。
Hit. 6 asti kaścidevaṃbhūto vidvānyo mama putrāṇām… nītiśāstropadeśena punarjanma kārayituṃ samarthaḥ (is there any learned man so clever, as to —)
Mudr. V, p. 166 kīdṛśaṃ tat kāryagauravaṃ yad rājaśāsanam ullaṅghayasi (of what nature are those important affairs, that you should transgress the king’s orders?)
Mhbh. l, 157, 14 etāvān puruṣas tāta kṛtaṃ yasmin na naśyati

（*1）
yaḥ saの組み合わせは異なった要求に応える。まず、関係詞を不定のもの（＝sarva）にするために一般化することがある。287-cと以下の例文をみよ。
Mṛcch. X, p. 360 yatra tatra sthitā »staying anywhere.’’

また、関係詞がsa yaḥ（有名な、よく知られた…etc.）として分析されることがある。
Mhbh. 1, 67, 71 dhanurvede ca vede ca yaṃ taṃ vedavido viduḥ / variṣṭham

ya eṣaやya asauも同じ仕方で分析される。
Mudr. III, p. 115 yāvetau gajādhyakṣāśvādhyakṣau… etau khalu etc.