470. yathā.

The employment of yathā bears a great resemblance to that of Latin ut. Like this, yathā has originally been a particle of comparison „as,” the correlative of which is the demonstrative „so, thus.” Yet its duty is not limited to the expression of equation, but extends to many other logical relations, chiefly consequence and purpose or aim, though it may answer sometimes our causal or merely epexegetical „that.”

a.) When used in its proper sense for the sake of comparison, the parallelism of yathā… tathā or its synonyms (evam, ittham) is frequent, although the omission of the demonstr. is not excluded. Pat. I, p. 51 yathecchasi tathāstu (be it so, as you desire), Utt. II, p. 27 vitarati guruḥ prājñe vidyāṃ yathaiva tathā jaḍe (the teacher bestows his learning on his sluggish disciple just as he does on the keen-witted one), R. 3, 19, 18 imām avasthāṃ nītāhaṃ yathā ‘nāthā ‘satī tathā (I am reduced to this state, as [if I were] a woman of bad conduct who has no protector), Hit. 108 evam anuṣṭheyaṃ davacanaṃ yathā; — demonstr. omitted: Nala. 22, 4 brūyāś cainaṃ kathānte tvaṃ parṇādavacanaṃ yathā (speak to him as Parnâda spoke), Mhbh. 4, 2, 5 maṃsyante māṃ yathā nṛpam (they will consider me like a king).

Rem. 1. yathā may also be = »in so far as.” R. 3, 5, 18 Râma admires the knightly attitude and the vigour of Indra and his men, who appear like youths of twenty-five, rūpaṃ bibhrati says he to Laxmaṇa saumitre pañcaviṃśativārṣikam… yatheme puruṣavyāghrā dṛśyante priyadarśanāḥ (they bear the shape of youths of twenty-five, in so far as we may judge from their outward appearance). Hence na tathā = Lat. non tam… quam, 1. »not so much… as,” f. i. Kumâras. 5, 37 tathā na gāṅgaiḥ salilair divaścyutaiḥ / yathā tvadīyaiś caritair anāvilair mahīdharaḥ pāvita eṣa sānvayaḥ, 2. »not exactly… but,” f. i. M. 2, 96 na tathaitāni [sc. indriyāṇi] śakyante saṃniyantum asevayā / viṣayeṣu prajuṣṭāni yathā jñānena nityaśaḥ.

Rem. 2. In protestations and oaths yathā… tena satyena = »as sure as… so surely.” R. 2, 64, 40 apāpo ‘si yathā putra nihataḥ pāpakarmaṇā / tena satyena gacchāśu ye lokāstvastrayodhinām (as sure as you being sinless have been killed, my son, by an evil-doer, so surely may you go swiftly to the abodes of the warriors), cp. Nala. 5, 16-20.

Rem. 3. yathā with liṅ may be = »as if” (343, d). Ch. Up. 5, 24, 1 yathāṅgārānapohya bhasmani juhuyāt tādṛktatsyāt (this would be as if a man were to remove the [live] coals and pour his libation in [dead] ashes). R. 3, 51, 34 the vulture Jatâyu is said to have fallen upon Râvaṇa in the same way »as if some mahaunt mounts a wicked elephant” adhirūḍho gajāroho yathā syād duṣṭavāraṇam.

Rem. 4. yadvat… tadvat are equivalent to yathā… tathā. With optative yadvat is also = »as if.” Varâh. Bṛh. 2, 19 nagaradvāraloṣṭasya yadvat syād upayācitam / ādeśas tadvad ajñānām (a prediction by ignorant men is as useless as if one were to question a clod of earth at the town-gate).

470. yathā

yathāの用法は、ラテン語のutのそれと大いに類似している。これと同様に、yathāはもともと比較の不変化辞（…のように）であり、その関連するところは指示代名詞（そのように、このように）であった。けれども、そのはたらきは等しさを表すことに限定されず、他の多くの論理的関係、主に帰結と目的・目標に拡大され、それでいて、原因を表す、あるいは追加の説明をする（epexegetical）英語の”that”に対応する。

a.) 比較のためにその固有の意味で用いる場合、yathā… tathāやその同義語（evam、ittham）の対応が頻出する。ただし、指示代名詞の省略されたものは〔この範疇に〕含まれる。
Pat. I, p. 51 yathecchasi tathāstu (be it so, as you desire)
Utt. II, p. 27 vitarati guruḥ prājñe vidyāṃ yathaiva tathā jaḍe (the teacher bestows his learning on his sluggish disciple just as he does on the keen-witted one)
R. 3, 19, 18 imāmavasthāṃ nītāhaṃ yathā ‘nāthā ‘satī tathā (I am reduced to this state, as [if I were] a woman of bad conduct who has no protector)
Hit. 108 evam anuṣṭheyaṃ yathā vadāmi

指示代名詞が省略されているもの：
Nala. 22, 4 brūyāś cainaṃ kathānte tvaṃ parṇādavacanaṃ yathā (speak to him as Parnâda spoke)
Mhbh. 4, 2, 5 maṃsyante māṃ yathā nṛpam (they will consider me like a king)

【補足1】
yathāは「…する限りにおいて」でもありうる。
R. 3, 5, 18 Râma admires the knightly attitude and the vigour of Indra and his men, who appear like youths of twenty-five, rūpaṃ bibhrati says he to Laxmaṇa saumitre pañcaviṃśativārṣikam… yatheme puruṣavyāghrā dṛśyante priyadarśanāḥ (they bear the shape of youths of twenty-five, in so far as we may judge from their outward appearance)

よってna tathā（ラテン語：non tam… quam）は、1. 「…というよりむしろ…」（Kumâras. 5, 37 tathā na gāṅgaiḥ salilairdivaścyutaiḥ / yathā tvadīyaiś caritair anāvilair mahīdharaḥ pāvita eṣa sānvayaḥ）や、2. 「必ずしも…でないが…」（M. 2, 96 na tathaitāni [sc. indriyāṇi] śakyante saṃniyantum asevayā / viṣayeṣu prajuṣṭāni yathā jñānena nityaśaḥ）となる。

【補足2】
抗議や悪口におけるyathā… tena satyenaは「…と同じように、…だ」となる。
R. 2, 64, 40 apāpo ‘si yathā putra nihataḥ pāpakarmaṇā / tena satyena gacchāśu ye lokāstvastrayodhinām (as sure as you being sinless have been killed, my son, by an evil-doer, so surely may you go swiftly to the abodes of the warriors)

【補足3】
Opt.（liṅ）を伴うyathāは「まるで…であるかのように」となる（343-d）。
Ch. Up. 5, 24, 1 yathāṅgārānapohya bhasmani juhuyāt tādṛktat syāt (this would be as if a man were to remove the [live] coals and pour his libation in [dead] ashes)
R. 3, 51, 34 the vulture Jatâyu is said to have fallen upon Râvaṇa in the same way »as if some mahaunt mounts a wicked elephant’’ adhirūḍho gajāroho yathā syād duṣṭavāraṇam

【補足4】
yadvat… tadvatはyathā… tathāと等しい。Opt.を伴うyadvatは「まるで…であるかのように」ともなる。
Varâh. Bṛh. 2, 19 nagaradvāraloṣṭasya yadvat syād upayācitam / ādeśas tadvad ajñānām (a prediction by ignorant men is as useless as if one were to question a clod of earth at the town-gate)