53.では、「接尾辞
パーニニ文法においては、"
P. 6, 1, 163citaḥ [antaḥ (6.1.159),udāttaḥ (6.1.159)] :itマーカーc を持つ接尾辞により派生する語は、最後の音節にudāttaアクセントを持つ
P. 6, 1, 197ñnity ādir nityam [udāttaḥ (6.1.159)] :itマーカーñ ・n を持つ接尾辞により派生する語は、最初の音節に必ずudāttaアクセントを持つ
したがって、
これらは個別に取り扱いが指示される。例えば次のように:
P. 3, 1, 133ṇvultṛcau [dhātoḥ (3.1.91)] :ṇvul とtṛc は任意の動詞語根に導入される
P. 3, 2, 135tṛn [ā kves tacchīlataddharmatatsādhukāriṣu (3.2.134)] :その者の習慣・義務・行為への熟練を表す場合、接尾辞tṛn が導入される
P. 2, 3, 69na lokāvyayaniṣṭhākhalarthatṛnām :lakāra (L接辞)・u (cikīrṣu のそれ)・uka (āgāmuka のそれ)、不変化辞(avyaya )、niṣṭhā (kta ・ktavatu )、接尾辞khal の意味を持つ語(難易を表すもの)、接尾辞tṛn から成る語らは〔第6格を、行為主体や目的語を表すものとして取ら〕ない
(P. 2, 3, 65kartṛkarmaṇoḥ kṛti [anabhihite (2.3.1),ṣaṣṭhī (2.3.50)]への例外規定)
接尾辞
生じている問題を手短に言うと、「古典サンスクリットではアクセント情報が保持されないはずなのに、なぜbarytona・oxytonaの判断ができるのか」ということである。詳述する:
先述したように、接尾辞
ところが、用例として提示されるものはすべて、アクセント情報をもたない古典サンスクリット時代のものである。例えば、不変の特質を表す
Daç. 199saṃbhāvayitā budhān prabhāvayitā sevakān udbhāvayitā bandhūn nyagbhāvayitā śatrūn
ibid.parīkṣitā sarvādhyakṣāṇām / sadyaḥ pratikartā daivamānuṣīṇām āpadām… manumārgeṇa praṇetā cāturvarṇyasya
2文のうち後者を見てみると、確かにここで
けれども先述したように、これら接尾辞で作られる名詞それ自体はアクセントだけが異なるのだから、その情報のないこの例文だと、そもそもbarytona・oxytonaの判定自体が行えないはずである。したがって、この文がパーニニの規定に忠実である(=
他の例文についても同様である。以上のことから、"The acc. with the barytona in
アクセントを伝持するヴェーダ関連の文献でなければこのようには言えないだろう。この箇所については保留しておくのが(専門家でない限り)賢明ではないかと考える。
訳注1にも述べたが、このトピックに関してはWhitneyの方が簡潔かつ分かりやすい。アクセント周りの事項も手堅くまとまっている(§1182 c., d.)。パブリックドメインなので、以下にまるっと引用しておく(CHAPTER XVII. §1182):
1182. तृ tṛ (or तर् tar). The derivatives made by this suffix, as regards both their mode of formation and their uses, have been the subject of remark more than once above (see 369 ff., 942 ff.). Agent-nouns are freely formed with it at every period of the language; these in the oldest language are very frequently used participially, governing an object in the accusative (271 d); later they enter into combination with an auxiliary verb, and, assuming a future meaning, make a periphrastic future tense (942). Their corresponding feminine is in trī.
a. The root has regularly the guṇa-strengthening. A union-vowel i (very rarely, one of another character) is often taken: as regards its presence or absence in the periphrastic future forms, see above (943 a).
b. Without guṇa-change is only úṣṭṛ plough-ox (no proper agent-noun: apparently úkṣ-tṛ: compare the nouns of relationship further on). The root grah has, as usual, ī — thus, grahītṛ́; and the same appears in -tarītṛ́, -pavītṛ́, -marītṛ́, -varītṛ, -savītṛ. An u-vowel is taken instead by tárutṛ and tarutṛ́, dhánutṛ, and sánutṛ; long in varūtṛ́; strengthened to o in manótṛ and manotṛ́. From a reduplicated root comes vāvā́tṛ.
c. The accent, in the older language, is sometimes on the suffix and sometimes on the root; or, from roots combined with prefixes, sometimes on the suffix and sometimes on the prefix.
d. In general, the accent on the root or prefix accompanies the participial use of the word; but there are exceptions to this: in a very few instances (four), a word with accented suffix has an accusative object; very much more often, accent on the root appears along with ordinary noun value. The accent, as well as the form, of manótṛ is an isolated irregularity. Examples are: jétā dhánāni winning treasures; yūyám mártaṁ çrótāraḥ ye listen to a mortal; but, on the other hand, yaṁtā́ vásūni vidhaté bestowing good things on the pious; and jétā jánānām conqueror of peoples.
e. The formation of these nouns in tṛ from conjugation-stems, regular and frequent in the later language, and not very rare in the Brāhmaṇas, is met with but once or twice in the Veda (bodhayitṛ́ and codayitrī́, RV.). In néṣṭṛ a certain priest (RV. and later), is apparently seen the aoristic s.
f. The words of relationship which, in whatever way, have gained the aspect of derivatives in tṛ, are pitṛ́, mātṛ́, bhrā́tṛ, yā́tṛ, duhitṛ́, náptṛ, jā́mātṛ. Of these, only mātṛ́ and yā́tṛ are in accordance with the ordinary rules of the formation in tṛ.
g. Instead of tṛ is found tur in one or two RV. examples: yaṁtúr, sthātúr.
h. Apparently formed by a suffix ṛ (or ar) are usṛ́, savyaṣṭhṛ, nánāndṛ, devṛ́, the last two being words of relationship. For other words ending in ṛ, see 369.
用例は以下(CHAPTER IV. §271):
271. Of verbal derivatives having so far a participial character that they share the construction of the verb, the variety is considerable: thus —
(中略)
d. Nouns in tar, very frequently in the older language, and as periphrastic future forms (942 ff.) in the later: thus, hántā yó vṛtráṁ sánito ’tá vā́jaṁ dā́tā maghā́ni (RV.) who slayeth the dragon, winneth booty, bestoweth largesses; tāu hī ’daṁ sarvaṁ hartārāu (JB.) for they seize on this universe; tyaktāraḥ saṁyuge prāṇān (MBh.) risking life in battle.