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Sanskrit Syntax
by J. S. Speijer
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Introduction by Kern
Preface
Section I. General remarks on the structure of sentences.
1. Subject and predicate.
2. Verbum substantivum.
3.
4.
5. Noun-predicate.
6. Verb-predicate in the active voice or in the passive.
7. Passive voice.
8. Inpersonal passives.
9. Participles, doing duty of finite verbs.
10. Subject implied.
11.
12. General subject.
13.
14. Character of Sanskrit style.
15. Order of words.
16. Traditional.
17. Modified.
18. Poetical.
Section II. Syntaxis Convenientiae and Syntaxis Rectonis.
Chapt. I. Concord.
19. Real and grammatical gender and number.
20. Singularis generalis.
21. Plural of abstract nouns.
22. Plural of a people’s name.
23. Pluralis majestaticus.
24.
25. vayam = aham or āvām
26. Dual.
27. Samânâdhikaraṇya / Concord
28.
29.
30.
Predicate and attribute.
31.
32. Completing attribute.
33. Middle voice attended by two nominatives.
34.
Chapt. II. How to denote case-relations.
35.
36.
37.
GENERAL SCHEME OF THE CASES.
38. Scheme of the cases.
Chapt. III. Accusative.
39.
40.
41. Acc. of the aim with passive verbs.
42. Acc. of the object.
43. Intr. verbs, becoming transitive, when compounded.
44. Cognate accusative.
45. Verbs with a double construction.
46. Double object.
47.
48.
49. Double object with causatives.
50.
51.
52. Accusative depending on nouns.
53.
54. Acc. of space and time.
55. Adverbial accusative.
56.
Chapt. IV. Instrumental.
57.
58. Instrumental, when sociative.
59. b.) without prepositions.
60.
61. Instrum. or genitive with adjj. of
likeness
,
equality
, etc.
62. Instrumental with words of
separation
.
63. Instrumental, the how-case.
64. Instrum. compared to English
with
.
65. Fuller account of them.
66.
67. 3. Quality etc.
68.
69. 4. Test.
70. 5. Price.
71. 6. Way, by which.
72. 7. Causality (
instrumentalis causae.
)
73.
Instrumentalis partis
.
74. Special construction.
75.
76.
77.
78. Instrum. of time.
Chapt. V. Dative.
79. General employment of the dative.
80. Dat. of the destination.
81. Dat. of concern.
82. Concurrent idioms.
83. Special cases of the dat. of concern.
84. Dat.
commodi
and
incommodi
.
85. Dat. with words of
counterpoising
etc.
86. Old datives.
87. Dat. of the purpose.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92. Time-denoting dative.
Chapt. VI. Ablative.
93. General view of the ablative.
94. Ablative expressive of the
whence
,
from
,
out of
.
95.
96. Ablative of separation.
97. with verbs of keeping off.
98. Ablative, the terminus a quo.
99.
100. Ablative of the origin and the former state.
101.
102. Ablative of causality.
103. Ablative expressive of the side, on which.
104.
105. Ablative of comparison.
106.
107. Instrumental of comparison.
108. The ablatives in
-taḥ
.
Chapt. VII. Genitive.
109. General view of the genitive.
110. Its employment with substantives.
111.
112. Possessive genitive.
113.
Genitivus materiae
and
originis
.
114. Subjective genitive.
115. Objective genitive.
116. Partitive genitive.
117.
118. Genitive with verbs.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124. Genitive with adjectives.
ABLATIVE-LIKE GENITIVE.
125. Ablative-like genitive.
126.
127.
128. Time-denoting genitive.
DATIVE-LIKE GENITIVE.
129. Dative-like genitive or
genitivus commodi et incommodi
.
130. Dative-like gen. =
to have
.
131. Dat.-like genitive with verbs.
132. Genitive of the remote object.
132*.
Chapt. VIII. Locative.
133. Locative of the spot where.
134. Locative of the spot whither.
135. Noun-qualifying locatives.
136. Locative in idiomatic phrases.
137. 2.
to stay with
.
138. 3.
mate tiṣṭhati
etc.
139. 4. Locative of the thing touched.
140. 5. Locative in abstract sense.
141. 6. Locat. with words of excellence, weakness etc.
142. 7. With nouns of
ability
,
skill
, etc.
143. 8. Locative of time and circumstances.
144. 9. Locat. of distance.
145. Dative-like locative.
146.
147.
Nimittasaptamî
.
148.
149. Locative expressive of a disposition towards.
150. Locatives as adverbs.
Chapt. IX. Periphrastic expression of case-relations.
151.
I. PREPOSITIONS.
152. Prepositions.
153.
154.
a.) OBSOLETE PREPOSITIONS.
155.
ati
.
156.
adhi
.
157.
apa
.
158.
abhi
and
pari
.
159.
upa
.
160.
tiraḥ
.
161.
purā
.
b). PREPOSITIONS STILL EXISTING.
162.
163.
adhaḥ
and
adhastāt
.
164.
anu
.
165.
antaḥ
.
166.
antarā
and
antareṇa
.
167.
168.
ā
.
169.
170.
ārabhya
and
prabhṛti
.
171.
upari
.
172.
upariṣṭāt
.
173.
param
,
parastāt
,
parataḥ
,
pareṇa
.
174.
ūrdhvam
and
anantaram
.
175.
paścāt
.
176.
puraḥ
,
purataḥ
,
purastāt
and
agre
,
agrataḥ
etc.
177.
178.
179.
prati
.
180.
181.
bahiḥ
.
182.
vinā
.
183.
anyatra
and
ṛte
.
184.
saha
and its synonyms.
185.
saha-
and
sa-
in compounds.
186. 1.
samayā
,
nikaṣā
2.
abhitaḥ
etc.
II PERIPHRASE BY MEANS OF NOUN-CASES.
187. Periphrase by means of noun cases.
188.
antike
,
samīpe
and other words of
proximity
, when expressive of „towards,“ and the like.
189.
sakāśāt
.
190.
madhye
,
antare
.
191.
madhye
and
madhyāt
.
192.
-deśe
etc. serving for periphrase of the locative.
193.
kṛte
,
hetoḥ
;
artha
,
nimitta
,
kāraṇa
etc., expressive of cause, motive, aim.
194.
195.
vaśāt
and
valāt
.
196. Periphrase of
agent
,
instrument
,
means
.
III. PERIPHRASE BY MEANS OF PARTICIPLES, GERUNDS AND THE LIKE.
197.
198. other participles = „with” and „without.”
199.
abhimukha
,
unmukha
,
saṃmukha
.
200.
uddiśya
.
201. Gerunds, expressive of „about, in regard of” sim., as [adhikṛtya], [puraskṛtya] etc.
202. other gerunds.
203.
Chapt. X. Compounds.
204. Compounds a topic of Syntax.
1.
Dvandva
.
205. Dvandva.
206. Its gender and number.
207. Its significance.
208. Dvandvas of adjectives.
209.
2.
Tatpurusha
.
210. Tatpurusha.
211.
212.
213.
214. Compounds in [-bhūta] and the like, the former member of which is a predicate.
215.
216.
217. additions to the rules of Pâṇini thereabout.
218. The former member is an adverb or a particle.
219. The former member is
yathā
or
yāvat
.
220. Comparison expressed by tatpurushas.
221. Tatpurushas made up of three or more themes.
3.
Bahuvrîhi
.
222. Nature and characteristics of the bahuvrîhi.
223.
224.
225.
225*.
226.
227.
Typical compounds
.
228. Typical compounds.
229.
Final observations
.
230. Intricate compounds.
231. Case-nouns standing outside the compound, that to be construed with it.
232.
Section III. On the different classes of nouns and pronouns.
Chapt. I. Substantive. Adjective. Adverb.
233. Adjective and substantive.
Abstract nouns.
234. Abstract nouns.
235.
236. Idiomatic employment of them.
237.
238. Other similar idioms:
238. Dative.
Adverbs.
240. Adverbs.
241. Adverbs. in
-vat
.
242.
243. Adjectives doing duty of adverbs.
Degrees of comparison.
244. Comparative.
245. Superlative.
246. Carelessness in their employment.
247.
248. Degrees of comparison in adverbs.
249.
250.
251. Concurrent idioms, expressive of a high degree.
252. Putting a word twice.
253. The type
manus manum lavat
and the like.
254.
255. Putting the words
yathâsaṃkhyam
.
Chapt. II. Pronouns.
1. Personal pronouns and their possessives.
256. Personal pronouns.
257. Their enclitic forms.
258. Their plural.
259. tvam and bhavân.
260.
261. Third person, how expressed.
262. Possessive pronouns.
263. Reflexes.
264.
265.
266.
267.
268.
svayam
269. Reciprocal pronouns:
anyonya
etc.
2. Demonstratives, relatives, interrogatives.
270. Demonstratives: general remarks.
271. Difference of employment between them.
272.
273.
ayam
referring to the 1st person.
274.
275. The pronoun
sa
and its employment.
276.
277.
sa eva
= „the same.”
278.
279.
280. Interrogatives.
281. Indefinites.
282.
283. „Other” how expressed.
284.
ekatara
and
ekatama
.
285.
anya… anya
and the like.
286. Relative pronoun.
287. How generalized.
3. Pronominal adverbs.
288. Pronominal adverbs.
289. Pronominal adverbs in
-tra
and
-taḥ
doing duty as locatives and ablatives.
290.
4. Pronominal adjectives.
291. Pronominal adjectives.
292.
Chapt. III. On nouns of number.
293. Expressing nouns of number by various combinations.
294. How the nouns of number are construed.
295.
296.
297.
298.
api
after cardinals and
sarva
.
299. Nouns of number, being members of compounds.
300.
301. Fractions, how expressed.
302. Other remarks.
Section IV. Syntax of the verbs.
Chapt. I. General remarks Kinds of verbs. Auxiliaries. Periphrase of verbs.
303. Syntax of the verb.
304. Causatives.
305. Desideratives.
306. Intensives.
307. Denominatives.
308.
309.
309*.
310. Periphrase of verbs.
311.
asmi
and its employment.
312.
313. Tmesis.
Chapt. II. On voices.
314. The three voices of the Sanskrit verb.
315.
316.
317. Differences between the active voice and the medial.
318.
319. Passive voice.
320. Intransitives how expressed.
Chapt. III. Tenses and moods.
321.
322.
Present. (
laṭ
).
323. Present.
324. Present, denoting a near future.
325. Present denoting a near past.
326. Historical present.
327. The present is the durative tense
par excellence
.
Past tenses.
328. Actual past and historical past.
329. Imperfect and perfect are restricted to the expression of the historical past.
330. Difference between imperfect and perfect.
331.
332.
333. Periphrastic perfect.
334. Aorist.
335.
336. The participles in
-ta
and
-tavant
doing duty as a past tense.
337.
338. Old participles of the past.
339. Remote past.
Future tenses.
340. Future in
-tā
.
341. Employment of the two future tenses.
341*.
341**.
Chapt. IV. Tenses and moods (
continued
).
342. Subjunctive mood.
343. The
liṅ
(
optative
or
potential
) is the general exponent of the subjunctive mood.
344. The idioms, concurrent with
liṅ
.
344*.
344**.
345.
liṅ
expressive of the
past
as well as the
present
.
346. Precative.
347. Conditional.
Imperative.
348. Imperative.
349. Courteous injunction.
350.
arhati
when periphrasing the imperative.
351. II. Imperative expressive of wishes.
352. III. Imperative expressive of possibility and doubt.
353. IV. Imperative with
mā
and other constructions, expressive of prohibition.
354.
355. Archaic conjunctive (
leṭ
).
356. 1st person of the present (
laṭ
) employed as an imperative.
Kṛtyas.
357. Kṛtyas.
Chapt. V. Participles and participial idioms.
358.
359.
360. participles in
-ta
passive or intransitive or active.
361.
362. Participial employment.
363.
364. Nouns with participial employment.
Absolute cases.
365. Absolute cases.
366. Absolute locative.
367.
368.
369. Absolute genitive.
370.
371. The absolute turn admissible, even if its subject occurs also in the main sentence.
372. Semi-absolute instrumental.
Other participial idioms.
373. Participle added to a verb of affection of mind.
374. Predicative accusative and nominative expressed by a participle or a noun used as such.
375. Sanskrit possesses the turn
reges exacti
=
exactio regum
.
Participles attended by auxiliaries.
376. Periphrastic employment of participles.
377. Periphrastic tenses and moods.
378. The continuous action expressed by periphrase.
Chapt. VI. Gerunds.
379.
380. It is employed almost as a participle of the past.
381. Gerund expressive of simultaneousness.
382. gerund in
-am
.
Chapt. VII. Infinitive.
383. Sanskrit infinitive. Its employment.
384.
385. Its being used in compounds.
386. Its character.
387. Infinitive joining passive verbs, and to be rendered by the passive inf. of English.
388. Infin. with
śakya
.
389. Infin. with
yukta
.
390. Character of Sanskrit infinitive.
391. Old infinitives.
392. Infin. in
-toḥ
and
-tavai
.
393.
Section V. Syntax of the particles.
394.
Chapt. I. Particles of emphasis and limitation.
395. Emphatic particles.
396.
397.
398.
eva
.
399.
Chapt. II. Negation.
400. Negative particles.
401.
na
. Its place in the sentence.
402.
na
combined with other particles.
403.
a-
or
an
.
404.
405.
mā
.
406. Two negations equivalent to a strong affirmation.
407. Negation when omitted?
Chapt. III. Interrogations.
408. Interrogations.
409.
410. Rhetorical questions.
411. Interrogatives and relatives in indirect questions.
412. Interrogative particles.
412*.
413.
414. Disjunctive interrogations.
415.
Chapt. IV. Exclamation.
416. Exclamations and particles of exclamation.
417.
aho
with nomin. /
dhik
with accus.
418.
aṅga
,
hanta
etc.
419.
ayi
and
re
.
420. Vocative.
Chapt. V. Connective particles.
421. Connective particles.
422.
423.
api
.
424.
uta
.
425.
atha
.
426.
427.
tathā
.
428.
vā
.
429.
tu
,
hi
, and
u
.
430.
iva
.
431.
432.
Section VI. On the connection of sentences.
433.
Chapt. I. Coordination.
434. Coordination by means of:
435. 1. the demonstrative.
436. 2. the asyndeton.
437. 3. particles.
438.
439.
440. Disjunction.
441. Antithesis.
442. Adversatives answering to limitatives.
443.
hi
, the causal particle.
444. Conclusive particles.
445. Conclusive force of the pronoun
sa
.
446.
tathāpi
.
447. Connecting negative sentences: a) with affirmative ones.
448. b.) with negative ones.
Chapt. II. Subordination. Periods and clauses.
449.
450.
451. The relative system.
452.
453.
454.
Chapt. III. Relative sentences, introduced by pronouns.
455. Precedence of the relative pronoun.
456.
457. Inverted order.
458. The relative pronoun may have a causal character etc.;
yaḥ
„that he.”
459.
460.
ya
after the demonstratives
tāvant
,
tādṛśa
and the like.
Chapt. IV. Relative adverbs and conjunctions.
461. Relative adverbs.
a
.
yat
;
yena
;
yataḥ
and
yasmāt
.
462.
yat
.
463. Its employment.
464.
465.
yat
a causal particle.
466.
yat
, when final or consecutive.
467.
yataḥ
and
yasmāt
.
468.
yena
.
469.
b
.)
yathā
.
470.
yathā
.
471.
b
) final and consecutive.
472. c)
yathā
paraphrases the object.
473. d)
yathā
, when a causal particle.
c
.)
yadā
and
yāvat
.
474.
yadā
.
475.
yāvat
.
476.
477.
yāvat
+
na
= before,
priusquam
.
478.
yāvat
= [in order] that.
479.
480.
yāvat
= in so far as.
480*.
d
.)
yadi
.
481.
yadi
after verbs of
doubting
,
inquiring
etc.
482.
483.
yady api
.
Chapt. V. The conditional period.
484. Conditional period.
485.
na cet
.
486. Alternatives.
487. Asyndetic construction.
488. Tenses and moods in conditional periods.
489.
490.
Chapt. VI. The direct construction;
iti
.
491. Direct construction.
492.
iti
.
493. Employment of
iti
.
494.
495.
496. Synonyms of
iti
etc.
497. Elliptical construction.
498. Nominative with
iti
.
499. Anacoluthon.
500.
manye
, jâne etc. inserted.
Kern博士によるまえがき
序文
第1部 構文総説
1. 主語と述語
2. 存在動詞
3. 承前
4. 存在動詞としてはたらく動詞
5. 名詞述語
6. 能動態や受動態における動詞述語
7. 受動態
8. 非人称の受動言
9. 定動詞の役割を果たす分詞
10. 暗示されたる主語
11. 定動詞のない文章
12. 総称主語
13. 修飾句
14. サンスクリットの文体の特徴
15. 語順
16. 伝統的な語順
17. 修飾における語順
18. 詩文の語順
第2部 構文における一致と支配
第1章 〔性・数・格等の〕一致（concord）
19. 実際上 / 文法上の性・数
20. 単数（sg.）総説
21. 抽象名詞のpl.
22. 民族名のpl.
23. 威厳を表すpl.
24. その他の敬意表現
25.
aham
や
āvām
と等価の
vayam
26. 双数（du.）
27. Samānādhikaraṇya / 一致
28. ある語が複数の語に係る場合
29. 等位接続詞を用いる場合の一致
30. withがandで解される例
述語と修飾語
31. 述語と形容詞の分類
32. 述語を完成させるための形容詞
33. 2つのnom.を伴う中動態
34. 一致しない場合
第2章 いかにして格関係を記述するか
35. 語同士の関係を表す3種の方法
36. 格関係の迂言概説
37. 概説まとめ
格の一般的組織
38. 格の組織
第3章 対格（accusative）
39. 方向を表すacc.
40. 移動目標のacc.と行為対象のacc.
41. 受動態の動詞と移動目標のacc.
42. 目的語のacc.
43. 派生すると他動詞になる自動詞
44. 同族対格（cognate accusative）
45. 2重構文をもつ動詞
46. 2つの目的語をとる動詞
47. 46.の例外
48. 受動文におけるdouble object
49. 使役文におけるdouble object
50. 受動文の2形式
51. 使役文のdouble obj.の例外
52. 名詞に係るacc.
53. 接尾辞-tṛのacc.
54. 空間・時間のacc.
55. 副詞的acc.
56. 前置詞・間投詞
第4章 具格（instrumental）
57. 具格（instrumental）概要
58. 付帯のInstrumental
59. b.) 前置詞を伴わないもの
60. inst.を伴う複合語・動詞
61. 類似や同等などを表す副詞を伴うinst.やgen.
62. 分離の語を伴うinst.
63. 「具」格としてのinst.
64. 英語のwithと比較してのinst.
65. inst.詳説
66. 2. agent / kartṛ
67. 3. 特質 etc.
68. 補遺
69. 4. 試験の手段
70. 70. 5. 値段
71. 71. 6. 方法
72. 72. 7. 原因・理由を表すもの
73. 方向を表すinst.
74. 特殊な構文
75.
76.
77.
78. 時間のinst.
第5章 与格（dative）
79. 与格（dat.）の一般的用法
80. 目的地を表すdat.
81. 関与のdat.
82. 同じはたらきをするイディオム
83. 関与のdat.の特殊事例
84. 利益・不利益を表すdat.
85. 釣り合い等の語を伴うdat.
86. 古いdat.
87. 目的のdat.
88. 承前1
89. 承前2
90. 承前3
91. inf.としてはたらく動作名詞のdat.
92. 時間を表すdat.
第6章 奪格（ablative）
93. 奪格（ablative）概観
94. 「どこから」「…から」「…の中から」を表すabl.
95. 承前：応用
96. 分離のabl.
97. 「…から離しておく」の動詞を伴うもの
98. 起点を表すabl.
99. 時間を表すabl.
100. 起源や以前の状態を表すabl.
101. その他のabl.
102. 因果を表すabl.
103. 居る側を表すabl.
104. abl.の副詞的性格
105. 比較のabl.
106. 比較のabl.についての所見
107. 比較のinst.
108. -taḥのabl.
第7章 属格（genitive）
109. 属格概観
110. 実名詞を伴う場合の用法
111. 同じはたらきをする構文
112. 所有を表すgen.
113. 素材・起源のgen.
114. 主語的gen.
115. 目的語的gen.
116. 部分を表すgen.
117. 部分を表すgen.のイディオム
118. 動詞を伴うgen.
119. 承前
120. 承前2
121. 承前3
122. 承前4
123. 承前5
124. 形容詞を伴うgen.
abl.的gen.
125. abl.的gen.
126. 承前（abl.の代用としてのgen.）
127. 承前2
128. 時間を表すgen.
dat.的gen.
129. dat的gen. / 利益・不利益のgen.
130. dat.的gen.＝「…を持つ」（to have）
131. 動詞を伴うdat.的gen.
132. 間接目的語のgen.
132*.
第8章 処格（locative）
133. 「どこで」を表すloc.
134. 「どこへ」を表すloc.
134*.
135. 名詞を修飾するloc.
136. イディオム的フレーズでのloc.
137. 2. …と同居する
138. 3. mate tiṣṭhati etc.
139. 4. 触れられる対象を表すloc.
140. 5. 抽象的な意味のloc.
141. 6. 優劣などの語を伴うloc.
142. 7. 能力・技能等の名詞を伴うもの
143. 8. 時間・状況を表すloc.
144. 9. 距離を表すloc.
145. dat.的loc.
146. dat.的inf.と同じ働きをするloc.
147. nimitta-saptamī
148. 名詞を修飾するloc.
149. 某への気分を表すloc.
150. 副詞としてのloc.
第9章 格-関係の迂言表現
151. 格の迂言の3分類
1. 前置詞
152. 前置詞
153. 古語における前置詞
154. 古い前置詞のリスト
a.) 廃れた前置詞
155.
ati
.
156.
adhi
.
157.
apa
.
158.
abhi
and
pari
.
159.
upa
.
160.
tiraḥ
.
161.
purā
.
b.) 現存する前置詞
162. 新しい前置詞
163.
adhaḥ
・
adhastāt
164.
anu
165.
antaḥ
166.
antarā
・
antareṇa
167. その同義語
168.
ā
.
169. 「…まで」「…まで」を表す他の語
170.
ārabhya
・
prabhṛti
171.
upari
172.
upariṣṭāt
173.
param
,
parastāt
,
parataḥ
,
pareṇa
.
174.
ūrdhvam
and
anantaram
.
175.
paścāt
.
176.
puraḥ
,
purataḥ
,
purastāt
および
agre
,
agrataḥ
etc.
177. 承前
178. 時間を表すpuraḥ・prāk・pūrvam
179.
prati
.
180. abl.＋prati
181.
bahiḥ
.
182.
vinā
.
183.
anyatra
・
ṛte
.
184. sahaとその同義語
185. 複合語におけるsaha-およびsa-
186. 1.
samayā
,
nikaṣā
2.
abhitaḥ
etc.
2. 名詞-格による迂言
187. 名詞-格による迂言
188. 「…へ向かって」を表す場合のantike・samīpe、および近接性を表す他の語
189.
sakāśāt
.
190.
madhye
,
antare
.
191.
madhye
and
madhyāt
.
192. loc.の迂言：-deśe etc.
193. 原因・動機・目的を表すkṛte、hetoḥ；artha、nimitta、kāraṇa etc.
194. 目的を表すartha・nimitta・kāraṇa・mūla・hetu
195.
vaśāt
・
valāt
.
196. 行為者・用具・手段の迂言
3. 分詞・遊離分詞などを用いた迂言
197. 迂言の分詞-ta / gata
198. with・withoutを表す他の分詞
199.
abhimukha
,
unmukha
,
saṃmukha
.
200.
uddiśya
.
201. adhikṛtya、puraskṛtya等、「…について」などを表す遊離分詞
202. 他の遊離分詞
203. 地点を限定する際に用いられる遊離分詞
第10章 複合語
204. Compounds a topic of Syntax.
1.
Dvandva
.
205. Dvandva.
206. Its gender and number.
207. Its significance.
208. Dvandvas of adjectives.
209.
2.
Tatpurusha
.
210. Tatpurusha.
211.
212.
213.
214. Compounds in [-bhūta] and the like, the former member of which is a predicate.
215.
216.
217. additions to the rules of Pâṇini thereabout.
218. The former member is an adverb or a particle.
219. The former member is
yathā
or
yāvat
.
220. Comparison expressed by tatpurushas.
221. Tatpurushas made up of three or more themes.
3.
Bahuvrîhi
.
222. Nature and characteristics of the bahuvrîhi.
223.
224.
225.
225*.
226.
227.
Typical compounds
.
228. Typical compounds.
229.
Final observations
.
230. Intricate compounds.
231. Case-nouns standing outside the compound, that to be construed with it.
232.
Section III. On the different classes of nouns and pronouns.
Chapt. I. Substantive. Adjective. Adverb.
233. Adjective and substantive.
Abstract nouns.
234. Abstract nouns.
235.
236. Idiomatic employment of them.
237.
238. Other similar idioms:
238. Dative.
Adverbs.
240. Adverbs.
241. Adverbs. in
-vat
.
242.
243. Adjectives doing duty of adverbs.
Degrees of comparison.
244. Comparative.
245. Superlative.
246. Carelessness in their employment.
247.
248. Degrees of comparison in adverbs.
249.
250.
251. Concurrent idioms, expressive of a high degree.
252. Putting a word twice.
253. The type
manus manum lavat
and the like.
254.
255. Putting the words
yathâsaṃkhyam
.
Chapt. II. Pronouns.
1. Personal pronouns and their possessives.
256. Personal pronouns.
257. Their enclitic forms.
258. Their plural.
259. tvam and bhavân.
260.
261. Third person, how expressed.
262. Possessive pronouns.
263. Reflexes.
264.
265.
266.
267.
268.
svayam
269. Reciprocal pronouns:
anyonya
etc.
2. Demonstratives, relatives, interrogatives.
270. Demonstratives: general remarks.
271. Difference of employment between them.
272.
273.
ayam
referring to the 1st person.
274.
275. The pronoun
sa
and its employment.
276.
277.
sa eva
= „the same.”
278.
279.
280. Interrogatives.
281. Indefinites.
282.
283. „Other” how expressed.
284.
ekatara
and
ekatama
.
285.
anya… anya
and the like.
286. Relative pronoun.
287. How generalized.
3. Pronominal adverbs.
288. Pronominal adverbs.
289. Pronominal adverbs in
-tra
and
-taḥ
doing duty as locatives and ablatives.
290.
4. Pronominal adjectives.
291. Pronominal adjectives.
292.
Chapt. III. On nouns of number.
293. Expressing nouns of number by various combinations.
294. How the nouns of number are construed.
295.
296.
297.
298.
api
after cardinals and
sarva
.
299. Nouns of number, being members of compounds.
300.
301. Fractions, how expressed.
302. Other remarks.
Section IV. Syntax of the verbs.
Chapt. I. General remarks Kinds of verbs. Auxiliaries. Periphrase of verbs.
303. Syntax of the verb.
304. Causatives.
305. Desideratives.
306. Intensives.
307. Denominatives.
308.
309.
309*.
310. Periphrase of verbs.
311.
asmi
and its employment.
312.
313. Tmesis.
Chapt. II. On voices.
314. The three voices of the Sanskrit verb.
315.
316.
317. Differences between the active voice and the medial.
318.
319. Passive voice.
320. Intransitives how expressed.
Chapt. III. Tenses and moods.
321.
322.
Present. (
laṭ
).
323. Present.
324. Present, denoting a near future.
325. Present denoting a near past.
326. Historical present.
327. The present is the durative tense
par excellence
.
Past tenses.
328. Actual past and historical past.
329. Imperfect and perfect are restricted to the expression of the historical past.
330. Difference between imperfect and perfect.
331.
332.
333. Periphrastic perfect.
334. Aorist.
335.
336. The participles in
-ta
and
-tavant
doing duty as a past tense.
337.
338. Old participles of the past.
339. Remote past.
Future tenses.
340. Future in
-tā
.
341. Employment of the two future tenses.
341*.
341**.
Chapt. IV. Tenses and moods (
continued
).
342. Subjunctive mood.
343. The
liṅ
(
optative
or
potential
) is the general exponent of the subjunctive mood.
344. The idioms, concurrent with
liṅ
.
344*.
344**.
345.
liṅ
expressive of the
past
as well as the
present
.
346. Precative.
347. Conditional.
Imperative.
348. Imperative.
349. Courteous injunction.
350.
arhati
when periphrasing the imperative.
351. II. Imperative expressive of wishes.
352. III. Imperative expressive of possibility and doubt.
353. IV. Imperative with
mā
and other constructions, expressive of prohibition.
354.
355. Archaic conjunctive (
leṭ
).
356. 1st person of the present (
laṭ
) employed as an imperative.
Kṛtyas.
357. Kṛtyas.
Chapt. V. Participles and participial idioms.
358.
359.
360. participles in
-ta
passive or intransitive or active.
361.
362. Participial employment.
363.
364. Nouns with participial employment.
Absolute cases.
365. Absolute cases.
366. Absolute locative.
367.
368.
369. Absolute genitive.
370.
371. The absolute turn admissible, even if its subject occurs also in the main sentence.
372. Semi-absolute instrumental.
Other participial idioms.
373. Participle added to a verb of affection of mind.
374. Predicative accusative and nominative expressed by a participle or a noun used as such.
375. Sanskrit possesses the turn
reges exacti
=
exactio regum
.
Participles attended by auxiliaries.
376. Periphrastic employment of participles.
377. Periphrastic tenses and moods.
378. The continuous action expressed by periphrase.
Chapt. VI. Gerunds.
379.
380. It is employed almost as a participle of the past.
381. Gerund expressive of simultaneousness.
382. gerund in
-am
.
Chapt. VII. Infinitive.
383. Sanskrit infinitive. Its employment.
384.
385. Its being used in compounds.
386. Its character.
387. Infinitive joining passive verbs, and to be rendered by the passive inf. of English.
388. Infin. with
śakya
.
389. Infin. with
yukta
.
390. Character of Sanskrit infinitive.
391. Old infinitives.
392. Infin. in
-toḥ
and
-tavai
.
393.
Section V. Syntax of the particles.
394.
Chapt. I. Particles of emphasis and limitation.
395. Emphatic particles.
396.
397.
398.
eva
.
399.
Chapt. II. Negation.
400. Negative particles.
401.
na
. Its place in the sentence.
402.
na
combined with other particles.
403.
a-
or
an
.
404.
405.
mā
.
406. Two negations equivalent to a strong affirmation.
407. Negation when omitted?
Chapt. III. Interrogations.
408. Interrogations.
409.
410. Rhetorical questions.
411. Interrogatives and relatives in indirect questions.
412. Interrogative particles.
412*.
413.
414. Disjunctive interrogations.
415.
Chapt. IV. Exclamation.
416. Exclamations and particles of exclamation.
417.
aho
with nomin. /
dhik
with accus.
418.
aṅga
,
hanta
etc.
419.
ayi
and
re
.
420. Vocative.
Chapt. V. Connective particles.
421. Connective particles.
422.
423.
api
.
424.
uta
.
425.
atha
.
426.
427.
tathā
.
428.
vā
.
429.
tu
,
hi
, and
u
.
430.
iva
.
431.
432.
Section VI. On the connection of sentences.
433.
Chapt. I. Coordination.
434. Coordination by means of:
435. 1. the demonstrative.
436. 2. the asyndeton.
437. 3. particles.
438.
439.
440. Disjunction.
441. Antithesis.
442. Adversatives answering to limitatives.
443.
hi
, the causal particle.
444. Conclusive particles.
445. Conclusive force of the pronoun
sa
.
446.
tathāpi
.
447. Connecting negative sentences: a) with affirmative ones.
448. b.) with negative ones.
Chapt. II. Subordination. Periods and clauses.
449.
450.
451. The relative system.
452.
453.
454.
Chapt. III. Relative sentences, introduced by pronouns.
455. Precedence of the relative pronoun.
456.
457. Inverted order.
458. The relative pronoun may have a causal character etc.;
yaḥ
„that he.”
459.
460.
ya
after the demonstratives
tāvant
,
tādṛśa
and the like.
Chapt. IV. Relative adverbs and conjunctions.
461. Relative adverbs.
a
.
yat
;
yena
;
yataḥ
and
yasmāt
.
462.
yat
.
463. Its employment.
464.
465.
yat
a causal particle.
466.
yat
, when final or consecutive.
467.
yataḥ
and
yasmāt
.
468.
yena
.
469.
b
.)
yathā
.
470.
yathā
.
471.
b
) final and consecutive.
472. c)
yathā
paraphrases the object.
473. d)
yathā
, when a causal particle.
c
.)
yadā
and
yāvat
.
474.
yadā
.
475.
yāvat
.
476.
477.
yāvat
+
na
= before,
priusquam
.
478.
yāvat
= [in order] that.
479.
480.
yāvat
= in so far as.
480*.
d
.)
yadi
.
481.
yadi
after verbs of
doubting
,
inquiring
etc.
482.
483.
yady api
.
Chapt. V. The conditional period.
484. Conditional period.
485.
na cet
.
486. Alternatives.
487. Asyndetic construction.
488. Tenses and moods in conditional periods.
489.
490.
Chapt. VI. The direct construction;
iti
.
491. Direct construction.
492.
iti
.
493. Employment of
iti
.
494.
495.
496. Synonyms of
iti
etc.
497. Elliptical construction.
498. Nominative with
iti
.
499. Anacoluthon.
500.
manye
, jâne etc. inserted.