Index
Introduction by Kern
Preface
Section I. General remarks on the structure of sentences.
1. Subject and predicate.
2. Verbum substantivum.
3.
4.
5. Noun-predicate.
6. Verb-predicate in the active voice or in the passive.
7. Passive voice.
8. Inpersonal passives.
9. Participles, doing duty of finite verbs.
10. Subject implied.
11.
12. General subject.
13.
14. Character of Sanskrit style.
15. Order of words.
16. Traditional.
17. Modified.
18. Poetical.
Section II. Syntaxis Convenientiae and Syntaxis Rectonis.
Chapt. I. Concord.
19. Real and grammatical gender and number.
20. Singularis generalis.
21. Plural of abstract nouns.
22. Plural of a people’s name.
23. Pluralis majestaticus.
24.
25. vayam = aham or āvām
26. Dual.
27. Samânâdhikaraṇya / Concord
28.
29.
30.
Predicate and attribute.
31.
32. Completing attribute.
33. Middle voice attended by two nominatives.
34.
Chapt. II. How to denote case-relations.
35.
36.
37.
GENERAL SCHEME OF THE CASES.
38. Scheme of the cases.
Chapt. III. Accusative.
39.
40.
41. Acc. of the aim with passive verbs.
42. Acc. of the object.
43. Intr. verbs, becoming transitive, when compounded.
44. Cognate accusative.
45. Verbs with a double construction.
46. Double object.
47.
48.
49. Double object with causatives.
50.
51.
52. Accusative depending on nouns.
53.
54. Acc. of space and time.
55. Adverbial accusative.
56.
Chapt. IV. Instrumental.
57.
58. Instrumental, when sociative.
59. b.) without prepositions.
60.
61. Instrum. or genitive with adjj. of
likeness
,
equality
, etc.
62. Instrumental with words of
separation
.
63. Instrumental, the how-case.
64. Instrum. compared to English
with
.
65. Fuller account of them.
66.
67. 3. Quality etc.
68.
69. 4. Test.
70. 5. Price.
71. 6. Way, by which.
72. 7. Causality (
instrumentalis causae.
)
73.
Instrumentalis partis
.
74. Special construction.
75.
76.
77.
78. Instrum. of time.
Chapt. V. Dative.
79. General employment of the dative.
80. Dat. of the destination.
81. Dat. of concern.
82. Concurrent idioms.
83. Special cases of the dat. of concern.
84. Dat.
commodi
and
incommodi
.
85. Dat. with words of
counterpoising
etc.
86. Old datives.
87. Dat. of the purpose.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92. Time-denoting dative.
Chapt. VI. Ablative.
93. General view of the ablative.
94. Ablative expressive of the
whence
,
from
,
out of
.
95.
96. Ablative of separation.
97. with verbs of keeping off.
98. Ablative, the terminus a quo.
99.
100. Ablative of the origin and the former state.
101.
102. Ablative of causality.
103. Ablative expressive of the side, on which.
104.
105. Ablative of comparison.
106.
107. Instrumental of comparison.
108. The ablatives in
-taḥ
.
Chapt. VII. Genitive.
109. General view of the genitive.
110. Its employment with substantives.
111.
112. Possessive genitive.
113.
Genitivus materiae
and
originis
.
114. Subjective genitive.
115. Objective genitive.
116. Partitive genitive.
117.
118. Genitive with verbs.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124. Genitive with adjectives.
ABLATIVE-LIKE GENITIVE.
125. Ablative-like genitive.
126.
127.
128. Time-denoting genitive.
DATIVE-LIKE GENITIVE.
129. Dative-like genitive or
genitivus commodi et incommodi
.
130. Dative-like gen. =
to have
.
131. Dat.-like genitive with verbs.
132. Genitive of the remote object.
132*.
Chapt. VIII. Locative.
133. Locative of the spot where.
134. Locative of the spot whither.
135. Noun-qualifying locatives.
136. Locative in idiomatic phrases.
137. 2.
to stay with
.
138. 3.
mate tiṣṭhati
etc.
139. 4. Locative of the thing touched.
140. 5. Locative in abstract sense.
141. 6. Locat. with words of excellence, weakness etc.
142. 7. With nouns of
ability
,
skill
, etc.
143. 8. Locative of time and circumstances.
144. 9. Locat. of distance.
145. Dative-like locative.
146.
147.
Nimittasaptamî
.
148.
149. Locative expressive of a disposition towards.
150. Locatives as adverbs.
Chapt. IX. Periphrastic expression of case-relations.
151.
I. PREPOSITIONS.
152. Prepositions.
153.
154.
a.) OBSOLETE PREPOSITIONS.
155.
ati
.
156.
adhi
.
157.
apa
.
158.
abhi
and
pari
.
159.
upa
.
160.
tiraḥ
.
161.
purā
.
b). PREPOSITIONS STILL EXISTING.
162.
163.
adhaḥ
and
adhastāt
.
164.
anu
.
165.
antaḥ
.
166.
antarā
and
antareṇa
.
167.
168.
ā
.
169.
170.
ārabhya
and
prabhṛti
.
171.
upari
.
172.
upariṣṭāt
.
173.
param
,
parastāt
,
parataḥ
,
pareṇa
.
174.
ūrdhvam
and
anantaram
.
175.
paścāt
.
176.
puraḥ
,
purataḥ
,
purastāt
and
agre
,
agrataḥ
etc.
177.
178.
179.
prati
.
180.
181.
bahiḥ
.
182.
vinā
.
183.
anyatra
and
ṛte
.
184.
saha
and its synonyms.
185.
saha-
and
sa-
in compounds.
186. 1.
samayā
,
nikaṣā
2.
abhitaḥ
etc.
II PERIPHRASE BY MEANS OF NOUN-CASES.
187. Periphrase by means of noun cases.
188.
antike
,
samīpe
and other words of
proximity
, when expressive of „towards,“ and the like.
189.
sakāśāt
.
190.
madhye
,
antare
.
191.
madhye
and
madhyāt
.
192.
-deśe
etc. serving for periphrase of the locative.
193.
kṛte
,
hetoḥ
;
artha
,
nimitta
,
kāraṇa
etc., expressive of cause, motive, aim.
194.
195.
vaśāt
and
valāt
.
196. Periphrase of
agent
,
instrument
,
means
.
III. PERIPHRASE BY MEANS OF PARTICIPLES, GERUNDS AND THE LIKE.
197.
198. other participles = „with” and „without.”
199.
abhimukha
,
unmukha
,
saṃmukha
.
200.
uddiśya
.
201. Gerunds, expressive of „about, in regard of” sim., as
adhikṛtya
,
puraskṛtya
etc.
202. other gerunds.
203.
Chapt. X. Compounds.
204. Compounds a topic of Syntax.
1. Dvandva.
205. Dvandva.
206. Its gender and number.
207. Its significance.
208. Dvandvas of adjectives.
209.
2. Tatpurusha.
210. Tatpurusha.
211.
212.
213.
214. Compounds in [-bhūta] and the like, the former member of which is a predicate.
215.
216.
217. additions to the rules of Pâṇini thereabout.
218. The former member is an adverb or a particle.
219. The former member is
yathā
or
yāvat
.
220. Comparison expressed by tatpurushas.
221. Tatpurushas made up of three or more themes.
3. Bahuvrîhi.
222. Nature and characteristics of the bahuvrîhi.
223.
224.
225.
225*.
226.
227.
Typical compounds.
228. Typical compounds.
229.
Final observations.
230. Intricate compounds.
231. Case-nouns standing outside the compound, that to be construed with it.
232.
Section III. On the different classes of nouns and pronouns.
Chapt. I. Substantive. Adjective. Adverb.
233. Adjective and substantive.
Abstract nouns.
234. Abstract nouns.
235.
236. Idiomatic employment of them.
237.
238. Other similar idioms:
238. Dative.
Adverbs.
240. Adverbs.
241. Adverbs. in
-vat
.
242.
243. Adjectives doing duty of adverbs.
Degrees of comparison.
244. Comparative.
245. Superlative.
246. Carelessness in their employment.
247.
248. Degrees of comparison in adverbs.
249.
250.
251. Concurrent idioms, expressive of a high degree.
252. Putting a word twice.
253. The type
manus manum lavat
and the like.
254.
255. Putting the words
yathâsaṃkhyam
.
Chapt. II. Pronouns.
1. Personal pronouns and their possessives.
256. Personal pronouns.
257. Their enclitic forms.
258. Their plural.
259. tvam and bhavân.
260.
261. Third person, how expressed.
262. Possessive pronouns.
263. Reflexes.
264.
265.
266.
267.
268.
svayam
269. Reciprocal pronouns:
anyonya
etc.
2. Demonstratives, relatives, interrogatives.
270. Demonstratives: general remarks.
271. Difference of employment between them.
272.
273.
ayam
referring to the 1st person.
274.
275. The pronoun
sa
and its employment.
276.
277.
sa eva
= „the same.”
278.
279.
280. Interrogatives.
281. Indefinites.
282.
283. „Other” how expressed.
284.
ekatara
and
ekatama
.
285.
anya… anya
and the like.
286. Relative pronoun.
287. How generalized.
3. Pronominal adverbs.
288. Pronominal adverbs.
289. Pronominal adverbs in
-tra
and
-taḥ
doing duty as locatives and ablatives.
290.
4. Pronominal adjectives.
291. Pronominal adjectives.
292.
Chapt. III. On nouns of number.
293. Expressing nouns of number by various combinations.
294. How the nouns of number are construed.
295.
296.
297.
298.
api
after cardinals and
sarva
.
299. Nouns of number, being members of compounds.
300.
301. Fractions, how expressed.
302. Other remarks.
Section IV. Syntax of the verbs.
Chapt. I. General remarks Kinds of verbs. Auxiliaries. Periphrase of verbs.
303. Syntax of the verb.
304. Causatives.
305. Desideratives.
306. Intensives.
307. Denominatives.
308.
309.
309*.
310. Periphrase of verbs.
311.
asmi
and its employment.
312.
313. Tmesis.
Chapt. II. On voices.
314. The three voices of the Sanskrit verb.
315.
316.
317. Differences between the active voice and the medial.
318.
319. Passive voice.
320. Intransitives how expressed.
Chapt. III. Tenses and moods.
321.
322.
Present. (
laṭ
).
323. Present.
324. Present, denoting a near future.
325. Present denoting a near past.
326. Historical present.
327. The present is the durative tense
par excellence
.
Past tenses.
328. Actual past and historical past.
329. Imperfect and perfect are restricted to the expression of the historical past.
330. Difference between imperfect and perfect.
331.
332.
333. Periphrastic perfect.
334. Aorist.
335.
336. The participles in
-ta
and
-tavant
doing duty as a past tense.
337.
338. Old participles of the past.
339. Remote past.
Future tenses.
340. Future in
-tā
.
341. Employment of the two future tenses.
341*.
341**.
Chapt. IV. Tenses and moods (
continued
).
342. Subjunctive mood.
343. The
liṅ
(
optative
or
potential
) is the general exponent of the subjunctive mood.
344. The idioms, concurrent with
liṅ
.
344*.
344**.
345.
liṅ
expressive of the
past
as well as the
present
.
346. Precative.
347. Conditional.
Imperative.
348. Imperative.
349. Courteous injunction.
350.
arhati
when periphrasing the imperative.
351. II. Imperative expressive of wishes.
352. III. Imperative expressive of possibility and doubt.
353. IV. Imperative with
mā
and other constructions, expressive of prohibition.
354.
355. Archaic conjunctive (
leṭ
).
356. 1st person of the present (
laṭ
) employed as an imperative.
Kṛtyas.
357. Kṛtyas.
Chapt. V. Participles and participial idioms.
358.
359.
360. participles in
-ta
passive or intransitive or active.
361.
362. Participial employment.
363.
364. Nouns with participial employment.
Absolute cases.
365. Absolute cases.
366. Absolute locative.
367.
368.
369. Absolute genitive.
370.
371. The absolute turn admissible, even if its subject occurs also in the main sentence.
372. Semi-absolute instrumental.
Other participial idioms.
373. Participle added to a verb of affection of mind.
374. Predicative accusative and nominative expressed by a participle or a noun used as such.
375. Sanskrit possesses the turn
reges exacti
=
exactio regum
.
Participles attended by auxiliaries.
376. Periphrastic employment of participles.
377. Periphrastic tenses and moods.
378. The continuous action expressed by periphrase.
Chapt. VI. Gerunds.
379.
380. It is employed almost as a participle of the past.
381. Gerund expressive of simultaneousness.
382. gerund in
-am
.
Chapt. VII. Infinitive.
383. Sanskrit infinitive. Its employment.
384.
385. Its being used in compounds.
386. Its character.
387. Infinitive joining passive verbs, and to be rendered by the passive inf. of English.
388. Infin. with
śakya
.
389. Infin. with
yukta
.
390. Character of Sanskrit infinitive.
391. Old infinitives.
392. Infin. in
-toḥ
and
-tavai
.
393.
Section V. Syntax of the particles.
394.
Chapt. I. Particles of emphasis and limitation.
395. Emphatic particles.
396.
397.
398.
eva
.
399.
Chapt. II. Negation.
400. Negative particles.
401.
na
. Its place in the sentence.
402.
na
combined with other particles.
403.
a-
or
an
.
404.
405.
mā
.
406. Two negations equivalent to a strong affirmation.
407. Negation when omitted?
Chapt. III. Interrogations.
408. Interrogations.
409.
410. Rhetorical questions.
411. Interrogatives and relatives in indirect questions.
412. Interrogative particles.
412*.
413.
414. Disjunctive interrogations.
415.
Chapt. IV. Exclamation.
416. Exclamations and particles of exclamation.
417.
aho
with nomin. /
dhik
with accus.
418.
aṅga
,
hanta
etc.
419.
ayi
and
re
.
420. Vocative.
Chapt. V. Connective particles.
421. Connective particles.
422.
423.
api
.
424.
uta
.
425.
atha
.
426.
427.
tathā
.
428.
vā
.
429.
tu
,
hi
, and
u
.
430.
iva
.
431.
432.
Section VI. On the connection of sentences.
433.
Chapt. I. Coordination.
434. Coordination by means of:
435. 1. the demonstrative.
436. 2. the asyndeton.
437. 3. particles.
438.
439.
440. Disjunction.
441. Antithesis.
442. Adversatives answering to limitatives.
443.
hi
, the causal particle.
444. Conclusive particles.
445. Conclusive force of the pronoun
sa
.
446.
tathāpi
.
447. Connecting negative sentences: a) with affirmative ones.
448. b.) with negative ones.
Chapt. II. Subordination. Periods and clauses
449.
450.
451. The relative system.
452.
453.
454.
Chapt. III. Relative sentences, introduced by pronouns.
455. Precedence of the relative pronoun.
456.
457. Inverted order.
458. The relative pronoun may have a causal character etc.;
yaḥ
„that he.”
459.
460.
ya
after the demonstratives
tāvant
,
tādṛśa
and the like.
Chapt. IV. Relative adverbs and conjunctions.
461. Relative adverbs.
a
.
yat
;
yena
;
yataḥ
and
yasmāt
.
462.
yat
.
463. Its employment.
464.
465.
yat
a causal particle.
466.
yat
, when final or consecutive.
467.
yataḥ
and
yasmāt
.
468.
yena
.
469.
b
.)
yathā
.
470.
yathā
.
471.
b
) final and consecutive.
472. c)
yathā
paraphrases the object.
473. d)
yathā
, when a causal particle.
c
.)
yadā
and
yāvat
.
474.
yadā
.
475.
yāvat
.
476.
477.
yāvat
+
na
= before,
priusquam
.
478.
yāvat
= [in order] that.
479.
480.
yāvat
= in so far as.
480*.
d
.)
yadi
.
481.
yadi
after verbs of
doubting
,
inquiring
etc.
482.
483.
yady api
.
Chapt. V. The conditional period.
484. Conditional period.
485.
na cet
.
486. Alternatives.
487. Asyndetic construction.
488. Tenses and moods in conditional periods.
489.
490.
Chapt. VI. The direct construction;
iti
.
491. Direct construction.
492.
iti
.
493. Employment of
iti
.
494.
495.
496. Synonyms of
iti
etc.
497. Elliptical construction.
498. Nominative with
iti
.
499. Anacoluthon.
500.
manye
, jâne etc. inserted.